THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1901
  
   RÖNTGEN, WILHELM CONRAD, Germany, Munich University, * 1845, + 1923:
   "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst han inlagt
   genom upptäckten av de egendomliga strålar, som sedermera uppkallats
   efter honom"; "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has
   rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named
   after him".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1902
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   LORENTZ, HENDRIK ANTOON, the Netherlands, Leyden University, * 1853, +
   1928; and
   
   ZEEMAN, PIETER, the Netherlands, Amsterdam University, * 1865, + 1943:
   "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst de inlagt genom
   sina undersökningar över magnetismens inflytande på
   strålningsfenomenen"; "in recognition of the extraordinary service
   they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon
   radiation phenomena".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1903
  
   The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
   
   BECQUEREL, ANTOINE HENRI, France, École Polytechnique, Paris, * 1852,
   + 1908: "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst han
   inlagt genom upptäckten av den spontana radioaktiviteten"; "in
   recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his
   discovery of spontaneous radioactivity";
   
   the other half jointly to:
   
   CURIE, PIERRE, France, École municipale de physique et de chimie
   industrielles, (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry),
   Paris, * 1859, + 1906; and his wife
   
   CURIE, MARIE, née SKLODOWSKA, France, * 1867 (in Warsaw, Poland), +
   1934: "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst de inlagt
   genom sina gemensamt utförda arbeten rörande de av Professor Henri
   Becquerel upptäckta strålningsfenomenen"; "in recognition of the
   extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on
   the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1904
  
   RAYLEIGH, Lord (JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT), Great Britain, Royal Institution
   of Great Britain, London, * 1842, + 1919: "för hans undersökningar
   rörande de viktigaste gasernas täthet samt hans i sammanhang med
   dessa undersökningar gjorda upptäckt av argon"; "for his
   investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for
   his discovery of argon in connection with these studies".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1905
  
   LENARD, PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON, Germany, Kiel University, * 1862 (in
   Pressburg, then Hungary), + 1947: "för hans arbeten över
   katodstrålarna"; "for his work on cathode rays".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1906
  
   THOMSON, Sir JOSEPH JOHN, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1856,
   + 1940: "såsom ett erkännande av den stora förtjänst han inlagt genom
   sina teoretiska och experimentella undersökningar över
   elektricitetens gång genom gaser"; "in recognition of the great
   merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the
   conduction of electricity by gases".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1907
  
   MICHELSON, ALBERT ABRAHAM , U.S.A., Chicago University, * 1852 (in
   Strelno, then Germany), + 1931: "för hans optiska precisionsinstrument
   och hans därmed utförda spektroskopiska och metrologiska
   undersökningar"; "for his optical precision instruments and the
   spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their
   aid".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1908
  
   LIPPMANN, GABRIEL, France, Sorbonne University, Paris,* 1845 (in
   Hollerich, Luxembourg), + 1921: "för hans på interferensfenomenet
   grundade metod att fotografiskt återgiva färger"; "for his method of
   reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of
   interference".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1909
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   MARCONI, GUGLIELMO, Italy, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.,
   London, Great Britain, * 1874, +1937; and
   
   BRAUN, CARL FERDINAND, Germany, Strasbourg University, Alsace (then
   Germany), * 1850, + 1918: "såsom ett erkännande av deras förtjänster
   om den trådlösa telegrafiens utveckling"; "in recognition of their
   contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1910
  
   VAN DER WAALS, JOHANNES DIDERIK, the Netherlands, Amsterdam
   University, * 1837, + 1923: "för hans arbeten angående gasers och
   vätskors tillståndsekvation"; "for his work on the equation of state
   for gases and liquids".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1911
  
   WIEN, WILHELM, Germany, Würzburg University, * 1864, + 1928: "för hans
   upptäckter angående värmestrålningens lagar"; "for his discoveries
   regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1912
  
   DALÉN, NILS GUSTAF, Sweden, Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co.,
   Lidingö-Stockholm, * 1869, + 1937: "för hans uppfinningar av
   självverkande regulatorer att i kombination med gasaccumulatorer
   användas till belysning av fyrar och lysbojar"; "for his invention of
   automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for
   illuminating lighthouses and buoys".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1913
  
   KAMERLINGH-ONNES, HEIKE, the Netherlands, Leyden University * 1853, +
   1926: "i anledning av hans undersökningar över kroppars egenskaper vid
   låga temperaturer, vilka bland annat lett till framställningen av
   flytande helium"; "for his investigations on the properties of matter
   at low temperatures which led, inter alia to the production of liquid
   helium".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1914
  
   VON LAUE, MAX, Germany, Frankfurt-on-the Main University, * 1879, +
   1960: "för hans upptäckt av röntgenstrålarnas diffraktion i
   kristaller"; "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by
   crystals".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1915
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   BRAGG, Sir WILLIAM HENRY, Great Britain, London University, * 1862, +
   1942; and his son
   
   BRAGG, Sir WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Great Britain, Victoria University,
   Manchester, * 1890 (in Adelaide, Australia), + 1971: "för deras
   förtjänster om utforskandet av kristallstrukturer medelst
   röntgenstrålar"; "for their services in the analysis of crystal
   structure by means of X-rays".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1916
  
   Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1917
  
   The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this
   prize section.
   
   The prize for 1917: Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1918
  
   The prize for 1917:
   
   BARKLA, CHARLES GLOVER, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1877, +
   1944: "för hans upptäckt av den karakteristiska röntgenstrålningen hos
   elementen"; "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen
   radiation of the elements".
   
   The prize for 1918: Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1919
  
   The prize for 1918:
   
   PLANCK, MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG, Germany, Berlin University, * 1858, +
   1947: "såsom ett erkännande av den förtjänst han genom upptäckten av
   elementarkvanta inlagt om fysikens utveckling"; "in recognition of
   the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his
   discovery of energy quanta".
   
   The prize for 1919:
   
   STARK, JOHANNES, Germany, Greifswald University, * 1874, + 1957: "för
   hans upptäckt av dopplereffekten hos kanalstrålar och av
   spektrallinjers uppdelning i elektriska fält"; "for his discovery of
   the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines
   in electric fields".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1920
  
   GUILLAUME, CHARLES EDOUARD, Switzerland, Bureau International des
   Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures),
   Sèvres, * 1861, + 1938: "såsom ett erkännande av den förtjänst han
   genom upptäckten av nickelstållegeringarnas anomalier inlagt om
   precisionsfysiken"; "in recognition of the service he has rendered to
   precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in
   nickel steel alloys".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1921
  
   Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1922
  
   The prize for 1921:
   
   EINSTEIN, ALBERT, Germany and Switzerland, Kaiser-WilhelmInstitut (now
   Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik, Berlin, * 1879, + 1955: "för hans
   förtjänster om den teoretiska fysiken, särskilt hans upptäckt av
   lagen för den fotoelektriska effekten"; "for his services to
   Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of
   the photoelectric effect".
   
   The prize for 1922:
   
   BOHR, NIELS, Denmark, Copenhagen University, * 1885, + 1962: "för hans
   förtjänster om utforskandet av atomernas struktur och den från dem
   utgående strålningen"; "for his services in the investigation of the
   structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1923
  
   MILLIKAN, ROBERT ANDREWS, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology,
   Pasadena, CA, * 1868, + 1953: "för hans arbeten rörande den elektriska
   enhetsladdningen samt den fotoelektriska effekten"; "for his work on
   the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect".
   
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1924
  
   Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1925
  
   The prize for 1924:
   
   SIEGBAHN, KARL MANNE GEORG, Sweden, Uppsala University, * 1886, +
   1978: "för hans röntgenspektroskopiska upptäckter och forskningar";
   "for his discoveries and researchin the field of X-ray spectroscopy".
   
   The prize for 1925: Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1926
  
   The prize for 1925 was awarded jointly to:
   
   FRANCK, JAMES, Germany, Goettingen University, * 1882, + 1964; and
   
   HERTZ, GUSTAV, Germany, Halle University, * 1887, + 1975: "med
   anledning av deras upptäckt av lagarna för stöten mellan en elektron
   och en atom"; "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact
   of an electron upon an atom".
   
   The prize for 1926:
   
   PERRIN, JEAN BAPTISTE, France, Sorbonne University, Paris, * 1870, +
   1942: "för hans arbeten rörande materiens diskontinuerliga struktur,
   särskilt för hans upptäckt av sedimentationsjämvikten"; "for his work
   on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his
   discovery of sedimentation equilibrium".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1927
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   COMPTON, ARTHUR HOLLY, U.S.A., Chicago University, * 1892, + 1962:
   "för hans upptäckt av den efter honom benämnda effekten"; "for his
   discovery of the effect named after him"; and
   
   WILSON, CHARLES THOMSON REES, Great Britain, Cambridge University, *
   1869 (in Glencorse, Scotland), + 1959: "för upptäckten av hans metod
   att genom ångkondensation göra elektriskt laddade partiklars banor
   iakttagbara"; "for his method of making the paths of electrically
   charged particles visible by condensation of vapour".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1928
  
   Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1929
  
   The prize for 1928:
   
   RICHARDSON, Sir OWEN WILLANS, Great Britain, London University, *
   1879, + 1959: "för hans arbeten rörande termjonfenomenet och särskilt
   för upptäckten av den efter honom benämnda lagen"; "for his work on
   the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law
   named after him".
   
   The prize for 1929:
   
   DE BROGLIE, Prince LOUIS-VICTOR, France, Sorbonne University, Institut
   Henri Poincaré, Paris, * 1892, + 1987: "för upptäckten av
   elektronernas vågnatur"; "for his discovery of the wave nature of
   electrons".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1930
  
   RAMAN, Sir CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA, India, Calcutta University, * 1888,
   + 1970: "för hans arbeten angående ljusets diffusion och för
   upptäckten av den efter honom uppkallade effekten"; "for his work on
   the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named
   after him".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1931
  
   Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1932
  
   The prize money for 1931 was allocated to the Special Fund of this
   prize section.
   
   The prize for 1932: Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1933
  
   The prize for 1932:
   
   HEISENBERG, WERNER, Germany, Leipzig University, * 1901, + 1976: "för
   uppställande av kvantmekaniken, vars användning bl.a. lett till
   upptäckten av vätets allotropa former"; "for the creation of quantum
   mechanics, the applica-tion of which has, inter alia, led to the
   discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen".
   
   The prize for 1933 was awarded jointly to:
   
   SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN, Austria, Berlin University, Germany, * 1887, +
   1961; and
   
   DIRAC, PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE, Great Britain, Cambridge University, *
   1902, + 1984: "för upptäckandet av nya fruktbärande former av
   atomteorien"; "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic
   theory".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1934
  
   Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1935
  
   The prize money for 1934 was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and
   with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
   
   The prize for 1935:
   
   CHADWICK, Sir JAMES, Great Britain, Liverpool University, * 1891, +
   1974: "för upptäckten av neutronen"; "for the discovery of the
   neutron".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1936
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   HESS, VICTOR FRANZ, Austria, Innsbruck University, * 1883, + 1964:
   "för upptäckten av den kosmiska strålningen"; "for his discovery of
   cosmic radiation"; and
   
   ANDERSON, CARL DAVID, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology,
   Pasadena, CA, * 1905, + 1991: "för upptäckten av positronen"; "for his
   discovery of the positron".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1937
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   DAVISSON, CLINTON JOSEPH, U.S.A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, New
   York, NY, * 1881, + 1958; and
   
   THOMSON, Sir GEORGE PAGET, Great Britain, London Universi ty, * 1892,
   + 1975: "för den experimentella upptäckten av interferensfenomenet vid
   kristallers bestrålning med elektroner"; "for their experimental
   discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1938
  
   FERMI, ENRICO, Italy, Rome University, * 1901, + 1954: "för hans
   påvisande av nya radioaktiva grundämnen, framställda genom
   neutronbestrålning, och hans i anslutning därtill gjorda upptäckt av
   kärnreaktioner, åstadkomna genom långsamma neutroner"; "for his
   demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced
   by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear
   reactions brought about by slow neutrons".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1939
  
   LAWRENCE, ERNEST ORLANDO, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley,
   CA, * 1901, + 1958: "för uppfinningen av cyklotronen, dess utveckling
   och med densamma vunna resultat, särskilt beträffande artificiellt
   radioaktiva element"; "for the invention and development of the
   cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to
   artifi cial radioactive elements".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1940
  
   The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3
   to the Special Fund of this prize section.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1941
  
   The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3
   to the Special Fund of this prize section.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1942
  
   The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3
   to the Special Fund of this prize section.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1943
  
   Reserved.
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1944
  
   The prize for 1943:
   
   STERN, OTTO, U.S.A., Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, PA,
   * 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany), + 1969: "för hans bidrag till
   utveckling av molekylstrålemetoden och upptäckten av protonens
   magnetiska moment"; "for his contribution to the development of the
   molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the
   proton".
   
   The prize for 1944:
   
   RABI, ISIDOR ISAAC, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1898,
   (in Rymanow, then Austria-Hungary) + 1988: "för den av honom angivna
   resonansmetoden för registrering av atomkärnans magnetiska
   egenskaper"; "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic
   properties of atomic nuclei".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1945
  
   PAULI, WOLFGANG, Austria, Princeton University, NJ, U.S.A., * 1900, +
   1958: "för upptäckten av uteslutningsprincipen, även benämnd
   Pauliprincipen"; "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also
   called the Pauli Principle".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1946
  
   BRIDGMAN, PERCY WILLIAMS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, *
   1882, + 1961: "för uppfinningen av en apparatur för åstadkommande av
   extremt höga tryck för de upptäckter han med densamma gjort inom
   området för de höga tryckens fysik"; "for the invention of an
   apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries
   he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1947
  
   APPLETON, Sir EDWARD VICTOR, Great Britain, Department of Scientific
   and Industrial Research, London, * 1892, + 1965: "för hans arbeten
   rörande atmosfärens fysik, särskilt för upptäckten av det s.k.
   'Appletonskiktet'"; "for his investigations of the physics of the
   upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called
   Appleton layer".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1948
  
   BLACKETT, Lord PATRICK MAYNARD STUART, Great Britain, Victoria
   University, Manchester, * 1897, + 1974: "för hans utveckling av
   Wilsonmetoden och hans därmed gjorda upptäckter inom kärnfysiken och
   rörande den kosmiska strålningen"; "for his development of the Wilson
   cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of
   nuclear physics and cosmic radiation".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1949
  
   YUKAWA, HIDEKI, Japan, Kyoto Imperial University and Columbia
   University, New York, NY, U.S.A., * 1907, + 1981: "för hans på
   grundval av teoretiska arbeten rörande kärnkrafterna gjorda
   förutsägelse av mesonernas existens"; "for his prediction of the
   existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear
   forces".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1950
  
   POWELL, CECIL FRANK, Great Britain, Bristol University, * 1903, +
   1969: "för hans utveckling av den fotografiska metoden för studiet av
   kärnprocesser och hans därvid gjorda upptäckter rörande mesonerna";
   "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear
   processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method".
   
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1951
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research
   Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., * 1897, + 1967; and
   
   WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, * 1903: "för
   deras pionjärarbete vid genomförandet av kärnomvandlingar medelst
   artificiellt accelererade partiklar"; "for their pioneer work on the
   transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic
   particles".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1952
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1905 (in
   Zürich, Switzerland), + 1983; and
   
   PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, *
   1912: "för deras utveckling av nya metoder för kärnmagnetiska
   precisionsmätningar och därmed gjorda upptäckter"; "for their
   development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements
   and discove­ ries in connection therewith".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1953
  
   ZERNIKE, FRITS (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, *
   1888, + 1966: "för den av honom angivna faskontrastmetoden, särskilt
   för hans uppfinning av faskontrastmikroskopet"; "for his
   demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his
   invention of the phase contrast microscope".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1954
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   BORN, MAX, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1882 (in Breslau,
   then Germany), + 1970: "för hans grundläggande arbeten inom
   kvantmekaniken, särskilt hans statistiska tolkning av vågfunktionen";
   "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his
   statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"; and
   
   BOTHE, WALTHER, Germany, Heidelberg University, Max-Planck Institut
   (former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut) für medizinische Forschung,
   Heidelberg, * 1891, + 1957: "för koincidensmetoden och hans därmed
   gjorda upptäckter"; "for the coincidence method and his discoveries
   made therewith".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1955
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   LAMB, WILLIS EUGENE, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, *
   1913: "för hans upptäckter rörande finstrukturen i vätets spektrum";
   "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen
   spectrum"; and
   
   KUSCH, POLYKARP, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1911 (in
   Blankenburg, then Germany), + 1993: "för hans precisionsbestämning av
   elektronens magnetiska moment"; "for his precision determination of
   the magnetic moment of the electron".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1956
  
   The prize was awarded jointly, one third each, to:
   
   SHOCKLEY, WILLIAM, U.S.A., Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman
   Instruments, Inc., Mountain View, CA, * 1910 (in London, Great
   Britain), + 1989;
   
   BARDEEN, JOHN, U.S.A., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, * 1908, +
   1991; and
   
   BRATTAIN, WALTER HOUSER, U.S.A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray
   Hill, NJ, * 1902, + 1987: "för deras undersökningar över halvledare
   och upptäckt av transistor effekten"; "for their researches on
   semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1957
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   YANG, CHEN NING, China, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ,
   U.S.A., * 1922; and
   
   LEE, TSUNG-DAO, China, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A.,
   *1926: "för deras djupgående undersökning av de s.k. paritetslagarna,
   vilken har lett till viktiga upptäckter rörande
   elementarpartiklarna"; "for their penetratinginvestigation of the
   so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding
   the elementary partic les".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1958
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   CHERENKOV, PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH, USSR, Physics Institute of USSR Academy
   of Sciences, Moscow, *1904, + 1990;
   
   FRANK, IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH, USSR, University of Moscow and Physics
   Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1908, + 1990; and
   
   TAMM, IGOR YEVGENYEVICH, USSR, University of Moscow and Physics
   Institute of USSR Academy of Scien-ces, Moscow, * 1885, + 1971: "för
   upptäckten och tolkningen av Cherenkoveffekten"; "for the discovery
   and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1959
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   SEGRÈ, EMILIO GINO, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, *
   1905 (in Tivoli, Italy), + 1989; and
   
   CHAMBERLAIN, OWEN, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, *
   1920: "för deras upptäckt av antiprotonen"; "for their discovery of
   the antiproton".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1960
  
   GLASER, DONALD A., U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, *
   1926: "för uppfinningen av bubbelkammaren"; "for the invention of the
   bubble chamber".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1961
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   HOFSTADTER, ROBERT, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1915,
   + 1990: "för hans banbrytande undersökningar över elektronspridningen
   mot atomkärnor och därvid gjorda upptäckter rörande nukleonernas
   struktur"; "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in
   atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the
   stucture of the nucleons"; and
   
   MÖSSBAUER, RUDOLF LUDWIG, Germany, Technische Hochschule, Munich, and
   California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A., * 1929: "för
   hans undersökningar rörande gammastrålningens resonansabsorption och
   därvid gjorda upptäckt av den efter honom benämnda effekten"; "for
   his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation
   and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his
   name".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1962
  
   LANDAU, LEV DAVIDOVICH, USSR, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1908, +
   1968: "för hans banbrytande teorier för kondenserad materia, särskilt
   flytande helium"; "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter,
   especially liquid helium".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1963
  
   The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
   
   WIGNER, EUGENE P., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1902
   (in Budapest, Hungary), U 1995: "för hans insatser inom teorien för
   atomkärnorna och elementarpartiklarna, särskilt genom upptäckten och
   tillämpningen av fundamentala symmetriprinciper"; "for his
   contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary
   particles, particularly through the discovery and application of
   fundamental symmetry principles";
   
   and the other half jointly to:
   
   GOEPPERT-MAYER, MARIA, U.S.A., University of California, La Jolla, CA,
   * 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany), + 1972; and
   
   JENSEN, J. HANS D., Germany, University of Heidelberg, * 1907, + 1973:
   "för deras upptäckter beträffande atomkärnornas skalstruktur"; "for
   their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1964
  
   The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
   
   TOWNES, CHARLES H., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
   (MIT) , Cambridge, MA, * 1915; and the other half jointly to:
   
   BASOV, NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH, USSR, Lebedev Institute for Physics,
   Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1922; and
   
   PROKHOROV, ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH, USSR, Lebedev Institute for
   Physics, Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1916: "för grundläggande arbeten
   inom kvantelektroniken, som lett till framställning av oscillatorer
   och förstärkare enligt maser-laserprincipen"; "for fundamental work
   in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction
   of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1965
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   TOMONAGA, SIN-ITIRO, Japan, Tokyo, University of Education, Tokyo, *
   1906, + 1979;
   
   SCHWINGER, JULIAN, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1918,
   U 1994; and
   
   FEYNMAN, RICHARD P., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology,
   Pasadena, CA, * 1918, + 1988: "för deras fundamentala insats inom
   kvantelektrodynamiken, med djupgående konsekvenser för
   elementarpartikelfysiken"; "for their fundamental work in quantum
   electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of
   elementary particles".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1966
  
   KASTLER, ALFRED, France, École Normale Supérieure, Université de
   Paris, * 1902, + 1984: "för upptäckt och utveckling av optiska metoder
   för studiet av hertzska resonanser i atomer"; "for the discovery and
   development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in
   atoms".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1967
  
   BETHE, HANS ALBRECHT, U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, * 1906
   (in Strasbourg, then Germany): "för hans insatser inom teorien för
   kärnreaktioner, särskilt hans upptäckter rörande energialstringen i
   stjärnorna"; "for his contributions to the theory ofnuclear
   reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production
   in stars".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1968
  
   ALVAREZ, LUIS W., U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, *
   1911, + 1988: "för hans avgörande insatser inom
   elementarpartikelfysiken, särskilt upptäckten av ett stort antal
   resonanstillstånd, möjliggjord genom hans utveckling av tekniken med
   vätebubbelkammare och dataanalys"; "for his decisive contributions to
   elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large
   number of resonance states, made possible through his development of
   the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1969
  
   GELL-MANN, MURRAY, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology,
   Pasadena, CA, * 1929: "för hans bidrag och upptäckter beträffande
   klassificeringen av elementarpartiklarna och deras växelverkan"; "for
   his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of
   elementary particles and their interactions".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1970
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   ALFVÉN, HANNES, Sweden, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, *
   1908, U 1995: "för grundläggande insatser och upptäckter inom
   magnetohydrodynamiken med fruktbärande tillämpningar inom olika
   områden av plasmafysiken"; "for fundamental work and discoveries in
   magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of
   plasma physics"; and
   
   NÉEL, LOUIS, France, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, * 1904: "för
   grundläggande insatser och upptäckter rörande antiferromagnetism och
   ferrimagnetism som lett till betydelsefulla tillämpningar inom det
   fasta tillståndets fysik"; "for fundamental work and discoveries
   concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to
   important applications in solid state physics".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1971
  
   GABOR, DENNIS, Great Britain, Imperial College of Science and
   Technology, London, * 1900 (in Budapest, Hungary), + 1979: "för hans
   uppfinning och utveckling av den holografiska metoden"; "for his
   invention and development of the holographic method".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1972
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   BARDEEN, JOHN, U.S.A., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, * 1908, +
   1991;
   
   COOPER, LEON N., U.S.A., Brown University, Providence, RI, * 1930; and
   
   
   SCHRIEFFER, J. ROBERT, U.S.A., University of Pennsylvania,
   Philadelphia, PA, * 1931: "för den av dem gemensamt utvecklade teorien
   för supraledningsfenomenet, vanligen kallad BCS-teorien"; "for their
   jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the
   BCS-theory".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1973
  
   The prize was divided, one half being equally shared between:
   
   ESAKI, LEO, Japan, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown
   Heights, NY, U.S.A., * 1925; and
   
   GIAEVER, IVAR, U.S.A., General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, *
   1929 (in Bergen, Norway), "för deras experimentella upptäckter rörande
   tunnelfenomenet i halvledare, respektive supraledare"; "for their
   experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in
   semiconductors and superconductors, respectively",
   
   and the other half to:
   
   JOSEPHSON, BRIAN D., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, *
   1940: "för hans teoretiska förutsägelser av egenskaperna hos en
   supraström genom en tunnelbarriär, särskilt de fenomen vilka allmänt
   benämnas Josephson-effekterna"; "for his theoretical predictions of
   the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in
   particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson
   effects".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1974
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   RYLE, Sir MARTIN, Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, *
   1918, + 1984; and
   
   HEWISH, ANTONY, Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, *
   1924: "för deras banbrytande arbeten inom radioastrofysiken: Ryle för
   hans observationer och uppfinningar, särskilt apertursyntestekniken,
   och Hewish för hans avgörande insatser vid upptäckten av pulsarerna";
   "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his
   observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis
   technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of
   pulsars".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1975
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   BOHR, AAGE, Denmark, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, * 1922;
   
   MOTTELSON, BEN, Denmark, Nordita, Copenhagen, * 1926 (in Chicago,
   U.S.A.); and
   
   RAINWATER, JAMES, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1917, +
   1986: "för upptäckten av sambandet mellan kollektiva rörelser och
   partikelrörelser i atomkärnor, samt den därpå baserade utvecklingen
   av teorien för atomkärnans struktur"; "for the discovery of the
   connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic
   nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the
   atomic nucleus based on this connection".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1976
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   RICHTER, BURTON, U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford,
   CA, * 1931;
   
   TING, SAMUEL C. C., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
   (MIT), Cambridge, MA, (European Center for Nuclear Research, Geneva,
   Switzerland), * 1936: "för deras ledande insatser vid upptäckten av en
   tung elementarpartikel av nytt slag"; "for their pioneering work in
   the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1977
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   ANDERSON, PHILIP W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, *
   1923;
   
   
   
   MOTT, Sir NEVILL F., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, *
   1905; and
   
   VAN VLECK, JOHN H., U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1899,
   + 1980: "för deras grundläggande teoretiska insatser rörande
   elektronstrukturen i magnetiska och oordnade system"; "for their
   fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of
   magnetic and disordered systems".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1978
  
   The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:
   
   KAPITSA, PYOTR LEONIDOVICH, USSR, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1894,
   + 1984: "för hans grundläggande uppfinningar och upptäckter inom
   lågtemperaturfysiken"; "for his basic inventions and discoveries in
   the area of low-temperature physics";
   
   and the other half divided equally between:
   
   PENZIAS, ARNO A., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, * 1933 (in
   Munich, Germany); and
   
   WILSON, ROBERT W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, * 1936:
   "för deras upptäckt av den kosmiska bakgrunden av mikrovågor"; "for
   their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1979
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   GLASHOW, SHELDON L., U.S.A., Lyman Laboratory, Harvard University,
   Cambridge, MA, * 1932;
   
   SALAM, ABDUS, Pakistan, International Centre for Theoretical Physics,
   Trieste, and Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, Great
   Britain, * 1926; and
   
   WEINBERG, STEVEN, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1933:
   "för deras insatser inom teorin för förenad svag och
   elektromagnetisk växelverkan mellan elementar partiklar, innefattande
   bl.a. förutsägelsen av den svaga neutrala strömmen"; "for their
   contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic
   interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the
   prediction of the weak neutral current".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1980
  
   The prize was divided equally between:
   
   CRONIN, JAMES, W., U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, * 1931;
   and
   
   FITCH, VAL L., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1923:
   "för upptäckten av brott mot fundamentala symmetriprinciper i
   neutrala K-mesoners sönderfall"; "for the discovery of violations of
   fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1981
  
   The prize was awarded by one half jointly to:
   
   BLOEMBERGEN, NICOLAAS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, *
   1920 (in the Netherlands); and
   
   SCHAWLOW, ARTHUR L., U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, *
   1921: "för deras bidrag till utvecklingen av laserspektroskopien";
   "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy";
   
   and the other half to:
   
   SIEGBAHN, KAI M., Sweden, Uppsala University, Uppsala, * 1918: "för
   hans bidrag till utvecklingen av den högupplösande
   elektronspektroskopien"; "for his contribution to the development of
   high- resolution electron spectroscopy".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1982
  
   WILSON, KENNETH G., U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, * 1936:
   "för hans teori för kritiska fenomen vid fasomvandlingar"; "for his
   theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1983
  
   The prize was awarded by one half to:
   
   CHANDRASEKHAR, SUBRAMANYAN, U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago,
   IL, * 1910 (in Lahore, India): "för hans teoretiska studier av de
   fysikaliska processer, som är av betydelse för stjärnornas struktur
   och utveckling"; "for his theoretical studies of the physical
   processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars".
   
   and by the other half to:
   
   FOWLER, WILLIAM A., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology,
   Pasadena, CA, * 1911, U 1995: "för hans teoretiska och experimentella
   studier av de kärnreaktioner, som är av betydelse för de kemiska
   elementens bildning i universum"; "for his theoretical and
   experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the
   formation of the chemical elements in the universe".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1984
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   RUBBIA, CARLO, Italy, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1934; and
   
   VAN DER MEER, SIMON, the Netherlands, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, *
   1925: "för deras avgörande insatser i det stora projekt, som lett till
   upptäckten av fältpartiklarna W och Z, förmedlare av svag
   växelverkan"; "for their decisive contributions to the large project,
   which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z,
   communicators of weak interaction".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1985
  
   VON KLITZING, KLAUS, Federal Republic of Germany, Max-PlanckInstitute
   for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, * 1943: "för upptäckten av den
   kvantiserade Halleffekten"; "for the discovery of the quantized Hall
   effect".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1986
  
   The prize was awarded by one half to:
   
   RUSKA, ERNST, Federal Republic of Germany, Fritz- Haber-Institut der
   Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, * 1906, + 1988: "för hans
   fundamentala elektronoptiska arbeten och konstruktionen av det första
   elektronmikroskopet"; "for his fundamental work in electron optics,
   and for the design of the first electron microscope".
   
   and the other half jointly to:
   
   BINNIG, GERD, Federal Republic of Germany, IBM Zürich Research
   Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1947; and
   
   ROHRER, HEINRICH, Switzerland, IBM Zürich Research Laboratory,
   Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1933: "för deras konstruktion av
   sveptunnelmikroskopet"; "for their design of the scanning tunneling
   microscope".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1987
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   BEDNORZ, J. GEORG, Federal Republic of Germany, IBM Research
   Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1950; and
   
   MÜLLER, K. ALEXANDER, Switzerland, IBM Research Laboratory,
   Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1927: "för deras banbrytande upptäckt av
   supraledning i keramiska material"; "for their important breakthrough
   in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1988
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   LEDERMAN, LEON M., U.S.A., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
   Batavia, IL, * 1922;
   
   SCHWARTZ, MELVIN, U.S.A., Digital Pathways, Inc., Mountain View, CA, *
   1932; and
   
   STEINBERGER, JACK, U.S.A., CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1921 (in Bad
   Kissingen, FRG): "för metoden med neutrinostrålar och påvisandet av
   leptonernas dubblettstruktur genom upptäckten av myonneutrinon"; "for
   the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet
   structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1989
  
   The prize was awarded by one half to:
   
   RAMSEY, NORMAN F., U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1915:
   "för uppfinningen av metoden med separerade oscillerande fält och
   dess användning i vätemasern och andra atomklockor"; "for the
   invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in
   the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks".
   
   and the other half jointly to:
   
   DEHMELT, HANS G., U.S.A., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, *
   1922 (in Görlitz, Germany); and
   
   PAUL, WOLFGANG, Federal Republic of Germany, University of Bonn, Bonn,
   * 1913, U 1993: "för utvecklingen av jonfälletekniken"; "for the
   development of the ion trap technique".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1990
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   FRIEDMAN, JEROME I., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
   Cambridge, MA, * 1930;
   
   KENDALL, HENRY W., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
   Cambridge, MA, * 1926; and
   
   TAYLOR, RICHARD E., Canada, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A.,
   * 1929: "för deras banbrytande undersökningar rörande starkt
   inelastisk spridning av elektroner mot protoner och bundna neutroner,
   vilka haft en avgörande betydelse för utvecklingen av kvarkmodellen
   inom partikelfysiken"; "for their pioneering investigations
   concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound
   neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development
   of the quark model in particle physics".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1991
  
   de GENNES, PIERRE-GILLES, France, Collège de France, Paris, * 1932:
   "för upptäckten att metoder, som utvecklats för att beskriva ordning
   i enkla system, kan generaliseras till att gälla mer komplicerade
   former av materia, särskilt flytande kristaller och polymerer"; "for
   discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in
   simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in
   particular to liquid crystals and polymers".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1992
  
   CHARPAK, GEORGES, France, École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie,
   Paris and CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1924 ( in Poland): "för hans
   uppfinning och utveckling av partikeldetektorer, särskilt
   flertrådsproportionalkammaren"; "for his invention and development of
   particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber".
   
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1993
  
   The prize was awarded jointly to:
   
   HULSE, RUSSELL A., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, *
   1950, and
   
   TAYLOR Jr., JOSEPH H., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, *
   1941: "för upptäckten av en ny typ av pulsar, en upptäckt som öppnat
   nya möjligheter för studiet av gravitationen"; "for the discovery of
   a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities
   for the study of gravitation".
   
  THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1994
  
   The prize was awarded "för pionjärinsatser vid utvecklingen av
   neutronspridningsmetoder för studier av kondenserad materia"; "for
   pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering
   techniques for studies of condensed matter" by one half to:
   BROCKHOUSE, BERTRAM N., Canada, McMaster University, Hamilton,
   Ontario, * 1918: "för utveckling av neutronspektroskopin"; "for the
   development of neutron spectroscopy" and by the other half to: SHULL,
   CLIFFORD G., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
   Cambridge, MA, * 1915: "för utveckling av
   neutrondiffraktionstekniken"; "for the development of the neutron
   diffraction technique".